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1 Introduction Lawyers, financial advisors, doctors, and other agents are said to have conflicts of interest if their personal motivation is at odds with their professional responsibilities to serve their clients (Boatright, 2000a,b). While there are various policies in place requiring disclosure of conflicts of interest, survey literature reveals such…

Introduction With nearly one-third of US jobs now requiring a government-granted license (Kleiner and Krueger 2010), it is not surprising that research has increasingly focused on the effects of licensing requirements. Occupations examined include barbers (Timmons and Thornton 2010; Hall and Pokharel 2016), radiologic technologists (Timmons and Thornton 2008), nurse…

Introduction In 1978, the Supreme Court of the United States held that, in enacting the Endangered Species Act (ESA), “Congress intended endangered species to be afforded the highest of priorities” and that economic costs should play no role in the act’s enforcement or interpretation.24Tennessee Valley Authority…